Answer:-
Standard Oil became a horizontal integration monopoly by buying out or merging with other oil refining companies. John D. Rockefeller, its founder, strategically acquired competitors to control almost all oil refining in the United States. Instead of owning every step of the production process (vertical integration), Standard Oil focused on dominating one stage—refining. By 1880, it controlled about 90% of the nation's refining capacity. This allowed the company to set prices, negotiate better deals with railroads, and eliminate competition. Its control over a single industry level made it a textbook example of horizontal integration and led to antitrust actions later.
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